Prepare two 12-cup muffin pans (that fit your air fryer) by greasing them or lining them with paper liners.
In a medium bowl, whisk together flour, baking soda, baking powder, and salt to create the dry base.
2 ½ cups flour, 1 teaspoon baking soda, 1 teaspoon baking powder, ½ teaspoon salt
In a large mixing bowl, beat brown sugar, buttermilk, vegetable oil, egg, and vanilla extract until the mixture is smooth and well combined. Gradually stir the dry ingredients into the wet mixture, mixing by hand just until the batter comes together—avoid overmixing.
1 ¼ cups brown sugar, 1 cup buttermilk, ½ cup vegetable oil, 1 large egg, 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
Fold in the diced rhubarb and chopped walnuts, distributing them evenly throughout the batter. Spoon the batter into the prepared muffin cups, filling each one almost to the top.
1 ½ cups rhubarb, ½ cup walnuts
To make the streusel topping, combine white sugar, melted butter, and cinnamon in a small bowl. Sprinkle a teaspoon of this mixture over each muffin for a sweet, spiced crunch.
⅓ cup white sugar, 1 tablespoon butter, 1 teaspoon cinnamon
Bake in the air fryer at 350°F (180°C) for about 12-15 minutes, or until the tops spring back when gently pressed. Allow them to cool in the pans for 10 minutes before transferring to a wire rack.
Serve warm or at room temperature. These muffins are extra delicious with a pat of butter or a drizzle of honey!